08:50:54 If she's coordinating her talk with also June IGR de la, he's going to talk later in the day. So, Mariana is going to tell us about fundamental physics, with atoms and molecules.
08:51:06 Thank you Marianna we're, we're speaking today.
08:51:09 And thank you so much for the invitation, and it's really a great exploration workshop and I'm very much looking forward to the books.
08:51:21 So as you see from the metaphysics will add to some volunteers. Really vast subject, especially to talk about half an hour.
08:51:30 So, for people who are interested to know more.
08:51:36 First there is a recent report. When you believe in quantum systems, actually journey was the courtyard of this effort.
08:51:50 fundamental nature of the universe. There is also a recent review and okay the recent it's been over two years so it's already outdated a bit since there's so many new experiments.
08:51:59 And there is chapter six and precision frontier and fundamental of
08:52:01 But for a very very recent resource. There's going to be a focus issue in quantum science and technology Georgia on quantum sensors for new discoveries that together as Dima butcher, and in number of articles already accepted but they will appear as a
08:52:17 special issue altogether very shortly actually, and that contains are there are a large number of essentially proposals for the next was going to happen the next decade with quantum sensors and fundamental physics.
08:52:31 I've been recently asked to just summarize the imperative for them to fly for the Snowmass effort so I decided I'll just throw it out there, and there is really great money for fundamental physics searches with atoms and molecules.
08:52:46 Of course there are numerous efforts in fundamental symmetries searches his quantum science techniques. I do have a few slides and idioms so if you're interested I can show in the end, if I have time.
08:52:57 And there is searches for electronic games hundred UTM security violation, there is great many efforts with clocks, I will speak, partly about clocks today.
08:53:07 And then of course June and they will talk in much more details about clock searches but very many new things are going to happen the next decade says clocks, and the you're going to hear, of course, in this conference more about the Ottoman defamatory
08:53:22 the exponent searches. There is a very new interesting efforts looking for fifth core searches. This procedure spectroscopy if anyone interested in those spots I can talk about that as well.
08:53:32 And they're a great many other things, which is happening today specifically I will talk about clocks. And how will you search for dark matter with clocks and clocks measure frequencies.
08:53:46 So frequency is really the most precise quantity you can measure in physics.
08:53:52 And the one of the most precise quantities, you can measure ever. So, if you want to measure something precisely measured in frequency.
08:54:01 And the reason why atomic clocks are sensitive, it's because we have the very would as a cynical systematics no clocks, the clocks are precise to one fraction attend to the 18 moving the counters in 19 now.
08:54:16 And there is an understanding of the Standard Model signal here.
08:54:20 So if there is a new physics which should the clock frequency, it's expected that is going to actually shift, different clocks differently, especially if it's caused by some sort of relativistic effects in this key case you can monitor the ratio of the
08:54:40 clock frequencies and to actually see something unusual is going on, very brief introduction about how it looks work of course June and they still speak more about that in detail.
08:54:46 So essentially you have three parts. First, you have atoms, or you have an iron and this is now or clock so far, work with a single item
08:54:57 that either Adam, it's your reference that is your standard of frequency.
08:55:03 So, then you build a laser which is supposed to operate on pretty much exactly the same frequency as the atomic reference. So think about this atomic transition you can think about this as a quantum dot zero to one.
08:55:18 And what that laser does, it can crease her position of zeros and ones in a half and half.
08:55:24 fractions in essentially your shiny laser at you Adam, and then you use your atoms, is you to the music instrument you change the frequency of the laser a little bit and you see did atoms to make the transition is items would not make the transition,
08:55:39 at some point you maximize the probability that atoms are in the correct final state, and that is your frequency, then you lock your laser, and you measure what the frequency is optical conch again as a standard the frequency now is cesium season was
08:55:56 not precise by two orders of magnitude is the President Obama clocks.
08:56:01 But the good thing you don't need the cesium clock to actually make any comparisons, you can directly compare their optical frequency com completely different clocks.
08:56:11 So you could measure the ratio of those clock frequencies, and that's the basic idea for all the new physics searches, you can measure the ratios of frequencies, or you can also directly compare your clock versus you are actually laser cutter that's another
08:56:29 possibility.
08:56:31 There is a number of different new physics searches you can perceive us clocks, it all started this was looking at whether the fundamental constants are constant there is the relate to custom equivalence principle.
08:56:42 If your clock moves with burst around the sun. there is a little bit eccentricity of the orbit. And because because of that you expect you to look for slightly different clock frequency system driven July, if there is any complaint to the gravitational
08:56:57 potential. The best limits on rent violations electrons, except comparable Terbium plus blocks, and they of course been recent ideas of how to search for dark mother's blocks and that's what they will talk about, and also proposals to look for gravitational
08:57:13 waves.
08:57:15 So now, the basic question here that certain dark matter as it had been showed by me knowing about Thank you some cruisers and full ops many other papers that it's possible that skinny or dark matter, and various types of dark matter can affect atomic
08:57:32 energy levels, and the progress of clubs could have three members, and that's expected to improve. So the question now let's say you can actually measure changes not only or in the future nuclear cop frequencies.
08:57:45 Okay, I'm going to optimistic here in 1920 significant figures. We really don't know how far is this rabbit hole goes at this point there is really no technical limit right now seeing.
08:57:57 Why clocks, Kim continue further is you see an improvement, pretty much has been sort of more slow and is expected to continue as you'll hear more.
08:58:07 So what kind of dark matter here they're looking for. So with clocks they're really live in those which are like towns beautiful slides from under slung stock.
08:58:17 And this looks specifically there somewhere under 10 to the minus 12 electron volts or no sure why.
08:58:24 First of all, I Dark Matter hospital was only for me velocity for any dm was less than about 10 electoral votes is higher than the galaxy escape elicited so familiar dark mother, those masters nope not be binding.
08:58:41 And the basic idea that if you pass about one electron volts if you're lighter than electric one electron bolt, then they're no longer talking about detecting dark matter particle by particle in Europe.
08:59:09 is such that, in one liberal wall and we are going to have a lot of particles, so they are talking about collective affect our dark matter behaves as a classical wave is just the course anyway. So we are talking about interaction for whatever quantum
08:59:12 so we have with essentially, of course I'd wave.
08:59:16 How would that affect clocks.
08:59:28 The basic logic here is as follows. You don't know the fields will somehow under a different company mechanism, you can have a linear copying quadratic complex will couple us a couple few electromagnetic contraction is a couple of your normal matters
08:59:33 they corks electrons to whatever you have in accordance answer, and that it will make fundamental conflict constants and must ratios too late.
08:59:42 You will also hear later in the, in this workshop about how that actually will affect the firm interest and how you can use those to search for dark matter.
08:59:53 And the fact is the same, the coupling consonants would oscillate if you have posted later Dark Matter field, which frequencies are going to escalate where there's a completely different question, and that will depend on a master of your dark matter.
08:59:55 Then, if that was too late. All atomic energy levels depend on fundamental constants, specifically for optical clocks, they depend on the phone structure constant that defines the strength of the magnetic interaction, ends up very important point that
09:00:27 it really will matter what your clock is so the effects will be different for say Aluminum plus which is very strong to strengthen called cavity, or Terbium plus for the highly charged thermonuclear clocks, they're going to be vast difference in how different
09:00:29 clocks would actually be affected by those effects. So if you look at the ratio, one clock would be essentially background in another clock, would be highly sensitive, the best case scenario that one clock of positive sensitivity another have negative
09:00:41 sensitivity. There is no reason why it actually all have to be positive. there is number of clock says nepotism defeatist as well.
09:00:48 So now, your energy levels oscillating, then your corporations will oscillate So the basic idea here well sit and wait until, and the longer you measure the different.
09:01:04 And this, the different masters of the dark might eventually will be sensitive to. So, longer measurement allows you to actually increase precision because of statistics, as long as you Dark Matter remains coherent, you bet if you actually measure this
09:01:19 in a few coherence volumes at least. And that means that it's best if you measure for Satan to the sixth of 28 seconds.
09:01:28 In the theories they could perfectly put down to the six seconds on the paper and they could put them to the eight seconds in the paper.
09:01:35 But in, of course, connection to experiment that to the six seconds it's 11 days than eight seconds it's 30 years.
09:01:45 So, the measuring for three years so your cooperation every second that's challenging. So, but on the other hand you can sometimes you can measure it.
09:01:54 Every once in a while, but that affects which mess with your business.
09:02:00 How does it actually work.
09:02:02 Let's say you have your normal standard model of random that's linear coupling was called the electronic copy and you can also have a quadratic copying are so different limit will be some somewhat our screening for the quadratic complained, but that's
09:02:17 But that's that's been treated them relatively well understood how to put that in the basically here is that the reason why fundamental constants change is that you will have additional terms for every term and Alexandra to which Dark Matter couple, for
09:02:32 example for your foot in the let's say you put some couple in constant, which of course will be small, or we just put it to something like one over lambda here and down your dark midfield, this killer coupling directly couples through your forums.
09:02:46 And now that means that in addition to your standard model fundamental constant you will have an oscillating component in here. And that will actually lead those are oscillation core frequencies.
09:03:00 And as I said, just measures for a long time now those key one key to a sensitivity to officials will clocks with atoms of those can be computers very accurately.
09:03:13 All we have to do just change our female codes and they can predict the January to like a percent level. So that really can be computers very well for nuclear club that's a total different question.
09:03:24 So anything can go with nuclear physics computational sensitivities, of course, a much less reliable but this Adams, we know how each clock is sensitive, even this College of Science, even this complicated systems, we can put it down if your personal.
09:03:38 How would you, how would it work. So you are let's say you take a new measurements and let's see your clocks are perfect let's say is there is no zero the time for preparation you're constantly are capable of actually making measurements, usually that
09:03:52 involves more than one atomic ensemble.
09:03:55 more than one atomic ensemble. Because it takes time to cool down and prepare your atoms.
09:04:00 Every once in a while but let's say you don't worry about that let's say you have a coherent measurements so you run some time let's say a second with the best lasers eventually you're hoping to me the 1500 seconds.
09:04:11 And now you have time, array of those measurements. So let's say you kept measuring for as long as you graduate students and postdocs and clock can actually supposedly can actually work in the future, hopefully, without interruption for quite some time.
09:04:30 Let's say now you have a sequence of a few days, or if you know a few months, and then all you do you need to convert your time sequence, using the discrete for a transformed into the frequency domain in a frequency domain what you're going to have.
09:04:47 It's a very specific signal. It's going to be a peek at the dark matter frequency. So, you know, if you see that there's many clocks, that's a fairly straightforward was signal to actually confirm.
09:05:00 Because if you know the frequency then you can just switch from broadband the resonance, and just continue measuring that that particular frequency in the signals going to be actually a summit in the shape because of the damage the dispersion.
09:05:15 We generally assume that dogma does not move into VR moving at three three by three kilometer 300 kilometers per second. But of course they're going to be media relations which could exist on that but that shape actually just goes from the simple assumption.
09:05:30 Now, which frequency is in which masters for dark matter as sensitive as clocks. So first, they're going to be few requirements if you do want to actually do it through the Transform, you need to have no more than one dark metal installations during your
09:05:46 installation time otherwise you're going to be averaging over your dark metal installations. Of course, there are special dynamic the competence sequences which you can use of with that so but that involves operating with extra bypasses beyond normal
09:06:02 core protocols.
09:06:04 Now you during your entire measurement stickers you forget this one document installation.
09:06:10 If you don't turn you have to foot feet and some sort of are just fine function, instead of doing the Free Transform, if, if that measurement one measurement time at the second you're sensitive to the best sensitivity to Dark Matter would be about 10
09:06:24 to the minus 15, but clocks a particularly good is a very very light, dark metal masses. So the sensitivity rapidly improves if you actually go to light the dark matter, because they are your course and will statistics.
09:06:39 Sensitivity becomes less competitive for you if you actually starting to go to higher masses, and it's probably not realistic to go to megahertz pulses because essentially your statistics for one measurements is going to be small, or you have to play
09:07:03 of pauses. So that's kind of for specifically clocks resident various spectroscopy experiments. that's about your preferred must range somewhere below them to the minus 12.
09:07:07 And of course you can probe various fuzzy dark matter of course I stopped at this point that sort of preferred idea for that hundred percent dark matter, but you can prob Of course, for smokiness in there, here is some of the latest Battlefront Audrey's
09:07:23 recent his reflectors paper. And here you can actually look what various limits are. That is your coupling between your dark matter and you were photons, and that's your dark by the masses, and the purple it's a microscope mission space.
09:07:43 The purple dash, it's tours and balances experiments and the those the polls a previous blue and blue sorry.
09:07:55 The previous constraints we're from rubidium season just presume from older tests which are not specific for the dark matter searches, but rather than just a variation from the number constants in here are our new limits, which have been set in the projected
09:08:12 limits, and you will hear more about those in a future talks, and also what the progress with those specific type of experiments, is going to be.
09:08:23 And then the country another possibility of different department of scenarios which you can actually look at.
09:08:30 It's been suggested in 2014 to look at trends in effect so which one was straightforward trends in the fact would be domain wall.
09:08:39 And here you're looking for different things here you're looking for some sort of a large structure topological defect which is about our sites in the den about I think for experimental papers looking for that with different networks of flux, for example,
09:08:54 forms ups and next flux, however, is it been a recent paper from you being a study, which essentially saying that that is that the fact is going to be internet screen and all the present print is the regime of follows the previous experience.
09:09:09 And as ID is not a new it's technically a known that for the quadratic potential was karate contractions you would have screening and high density environments.
09:09:17 The important part here that's what the political defects, this is much income screening as much more severe and that for normal quadratic contraction, and I would love to hear more.
09:09:28 What other theories actually think about them.
09:09:30 But the basic decided that in low density environment that's your potential and that's what allows you to create those topological defect structure in a high density environment.
09:09:39 This is completely smear it by your local visit
09:09:44 the statement affirms a paper that all current experiments which were looking for the biological defects were in the regime of strong screening, and that was not accounted for, however, is a good point here, that if such a field exists.
09:09:57 The point he was making that it doesn't matter if you have any topological domain ever crossing first, that that will automatically lead to non trends in the facts and the non transit the fact actually much stronger than transit effects.
09:10:13 And the reason why that works, it's because of the screening, you would have the differential potential around Earth.
09:10:20 So they're going to be environmental dependence of any fundamental constants or well, specifically o'clock so sensitive to answer and some others that all you should do is actually look at differential with height.
09:10:35 For example, the Tokyo country experiment that's a comparison of clocks on the ground in a Tokyo Sky Tree tower it's about 400 meters set some of the other limits and for the very light NASA, or the largest falls, and then microscope mission and doorbells
09:10:50 this experiments actually very very good and setting limits to those trends in non transit type of fact, the important department, it doesn't matter how many of the land was either universe in fact they're going to put the one domain was somewhere else.
09:11:07 And that effect will still exist.
09:11:11 So, I would love to hear more about what other people saying but that brings us to the question, what cannot work of clocks can detect if you have another word of God for example the clock Angela which is about, you know, wasn't one kilometer high in
09:11:27 a clock and to me, which is closed at those first level of course you can actually look for that specific differential is a high precision. But the question is if you have a network of clocks at the same height, what kind of factor that actually look
09:11:42 for, and I have a specific list of questions for theorists, including this one other completely different things but related.
09:11:51 Not to topological defects, but to the installation defect is the interesting idea of relaxed shoes for relaxation cosmological relaxation. Also electric scale in this case, it's a scenario which would address the glitch hierarchy program problem.
09:12:07 In this case, we don't need any of the favorite particles, all you need. It's a light skinned zero field which would not make you relax the Higgs mass is the respect to natural lunch value.
09:12:19 If you've collaborated on look at how what clocks look for such a type of residual political and here between those green lines you have sort of natural as bones for the relaxed young.
09:12:33 As you can see, current experiments are somewhat far away from it but for the from the nuclear clock, you can actually be within the parameters space for the relaxation.
09:12:42 And that's kind of interesting to continue what happens without, and what are the possible scenarios when you actually have a specific range can go look for.
09:12:53 So here are in the spirit of this exploratory conference I put together a list of questions for our theories, which we urgently need answers to. And the, the first one is what new physics can a network of clock probe, which is single ordinary to clock
09:13:13 usual system come up, because right now everything has been focused on those trends in the facts, but if those trends in the facts actually be easier problem is non trends and the fact we really need to know what the network of flux can prob which is
09:13:25 different.
09:13:27 or besides of this improved statistics, just having more clocks, then important the question now as NASA is interested in putting clocks to space, and of course, is those clocks will eventually link to the earth network.
09:13:40 What new physical progress and it looks to space. If clock has an elliptical orbit one straightforward thing that you can better limits on just looking for variation with gravitational potential.
09:13:59 But it will be interesting to see for more different effects. Also, what orbit. do you need to actually maximize those effects.
09:14:12 And then again the question about network of clocks, let's say if you want to probe the same physics is appropriate for a single clock. Is there any ideas of how to be better having the network's much much better not just statistically better. So is there any tricks which one can actually use here.
09:14:15 And then I think the important part, what specific document the kind of this concludes prob like relax Tonight Show specific example, when there is a parameter space.
09:14:25 I know, I know there is a reason why relaxed to have parameters face because we have to solve a specific problem, the same as actual social strongly be problem.
09:14:33 Definitely how parameter space, but it would be interesting to see was addressed some specific kind of this like this which exists. Also, are, if we are not looking for the main walls for transients what other transits would we be looking for, for example
09:14:50 some sort of further strengths. Some ways that we can actually look for various monopoles.
09:14:55 That is actually a very interesting question to ask to put a specific examples of how those trends and looks like how they're produced Can you produce them in a reasonable numbers to actually be dark manner.
09:15:08 In how many of transients you could have stayed for a year.
09:15:11 So to put some realistic framework, under the whole transit idea, because it looks like the main rules exist they're unlikely to be a transit they also unlikely to be actually a quote that a whole different question.
09:15:25 And then they've been a recent idea that you're like a Virgo, and hopefully in future Congo gravitational waves signal would actually be accompanied by additional signal from neutralized fields, there is a possibility that a large number of light, potentially
09:15:47 dark metal particles could be actually produced during the merges. In this case, this type of symbolism very different is highly relativistic, but it could be correlated with meditation with detection in it's interesting to actually have some of the more
09:15:57 background as.
09:16:05 How's the signal would look like, what's the probability that actually happening in which time before July scalar fields would actually be released in which quantities and put some more really thought a theoretical background for that idea.
09:16:15 And then in the various papers you can see some different ideas of document of clustering, for example, for a lot of students, there's some idea that relaxed some cluster around first are some experimental limits of how much dark matter you can actually
09:16:39 within the orbits from Laser Ranging orbiting Earth orbits was just looking at the motion of our different objects in the solar system but that's a pretty high bound. So the question is can we actually expect some of the additional clustering, which will
09:16:42 help is detection
09:16:45 is detection and how much time do I have
09:16:53 in my hand I have a 920, so now he's have like five minutes more. Perfect. Okay.
09:16:58 And then I will talk a little bit, going from the clocks which you already a half and they have been developed for isn't of metrology, they're actually looking for normal systems.
09:17:07 The first question, or why would you look for those systems, because the first quantum sensors, were built with systems, which is easiest to come in throughout the simplest electronic structure of stable isotopes.
09:17:20 And that was, of course, made perfect sense to do it this way. But now that we move from, we have quantum sensors and we can detect a dark matter with a store the question is which digitally heated experiments, which dedicated quantum technologies they
09:17:35 want to build this would be the most sensitive.
09:17:39 And the reason why that's important is because in many highly is atoms, molecules, you have higher altruistic effects because electrons are so much closer to the nuclei.
09:17:51 I, in many cases, you have for from the number of signatures you have cubed almost killing you can do for nuclear eyes. You have large enough to feel so from the number of symmetry tastings.
09:17:59 And in terms of clocks you just have different types of transitions to valuable. For example, you can look for different fundamental constants, or also have much much greater sensitivities.
09:18:11 So new systems are could have different properties which allows reduce the semantics, or just be more in the context of clocks, there are specific proposals.
09:18:28 There are of course you can look for different transitions in a neutral or simply charge, but you can also look for the highly charged ions, and for the highly just dying you take a neutral Adam and you just clear electrons and continue touring electrons
09:18:36 until you get the full thing.
09:18:39 And here we are talking about. Generally a relatively not very highly charged ions here is an example of Oregon 13 Plus, with which current experiments have been done so your trip through it and electrons.
09:18:52 And here you end up with a final structure high profile structure or some level crossing transition optical range. So generally, those things will not looked at before because first.
09:19:03 Those who are completely different types of technologies and second because generally all of those transitions to consider being are far outside of the useful range of lasers.
09:19:16 This is no longer the case. In both of those cases, the experimental proof already exists that you can do it. And you actually have a lot of political transitions.
09:19:27 And here you have go through your systematic and much higher sensitivity, and your physics.
09:19:33 And they have been the first demonstration of sympathetic of highly justifying why that's important because, to build a clock, you're seeing you at the music to the Trump is very cold and previously.
09:19:45 They were no cold pilot or fires and that had been remedied, and in just five years have been demonstration of Christian leaders dispersed up with sympathetic this controversial spectroscopy in highly trust Alliance and the reason why such a system of
09:20:02 used is because it's highly charged ions you need to have another iron to actually talk to Holly just fine. You need a different iron, in which you can go spectroscopy, and they will be sitting in the same trap connected.
09:20:15 Extra through a strong column coupling. And I assume they would actually give talk more about controversial spectroscopy.
09:20:23 And in remarkable trials in a single experiment, just because those ions for now which are called the relative accuracy of any frequency measurement and highly charged science improved from about 10 to the minus eight to 10 to the minus 15.
09:20:37 So, that would head into system called gets us several orders of magnitude precision, because the system is now.
09:20:44 heading to system called gets you several orders of magnitude precision, because the system is now. So now, there was a wonderful resource that I expect to have a rapid progress with College of Science. They have much higher sensitivity of the variation
09:20:53 of alpha. So present clocks generally have those key factors less than one with Terbium plus because actually, it's minus six. And then about highly charged ions have enhancement factors more than 100.
09:21:05 For the combination of ions. You also have sensitivity to electron masters a proton mass ratio in the Korkmaz to lambda consideration variation. Additional enhancements tolerance violation searches the recently reviewed all of those proposals in look
09:21:20 for systematics and highly charged ions. And when honestly I think they're going to be rapid progress here are always. Also, you can actually use highly charged ions to look for those precision measurements of Isaac shift to look for the horses.
09:21:36 So expected as a selected he is in five years.
09:21:40 According to Pete Schmidt the would read ratio about terms of minus eight and accuracy and hopefully in 10 years we actually have clocks very strong officers the transitions at this accuracy and multi each clocks.
09:21:54 And then you can ask a wide format transition so why not nuclear transitions, because while I'm in direct transition to nuclear eyes, why don't use those for actually your test file for radiation in basic idea because they are way outside of the laser
09:22:12 reach. It is the tabletop lasers, there is, if you look here, those red things are Connect transitions in frequency and you look up somewhere like if you easy and address, and most of those it easy to MTV, there is a one exception to read a story to 29
09:22:36 which, by a chunk of nature has, they're always accessible transition. And that is transition between the ground state and iz mirror is expected to be very very narrow, its frequency has determined thrown to about two significant figures, but it's expected
09:22:49 that that can be legs excited and I expect that and Billy's excited relatively soon.
09:22:55 The reason why they're so interested.
09:22:59 It's because your difference in the quantum energy skills, between those two levels are somewhat like a multi scale, because your entire by the organizer is a G scale, and therefore you're looking at the enhancement of alpha variation of like eight equals
09:23:14 A MeV effect. So instead of hating the maximum sensitivity factor of any current operating clock is six data standards of five.
09:23:24 Also, that actually will coupled with the nucleus as well.
09:23:28 In this case you can actually look for the coupling of the nuclear of your dark model to the nucleus, I see.
09:23:39 Okay. And yes, I finished, I'm not, I have prepared some talks about the idea. So I'm going to, if anyone interested then I can talk about the details.
09:24:00 Thank you very much, Mariana for the very exciting talk am so we are now open for questions. And then after that we can we have like 10 minutes of questions for my piano stock and then we can enter and all panel, when all participants.
09:24:01 And I would like to think I grew up on us to Delaware and our collaborators, and many thanks for number of people for the input for this talk. Thank you so much for your time.
09:24:16 We can discuss about the two way talks in the morning.
09:24:19 So if you have any questions please raise your hand.
09:24:26 It Lance, go ahead.
09:24:28 I just kind of a naive question thanks a lot for that talk, I'm just curious about the status of clocks in space. You know, I think there must have been some clocks in space but how, how much less accurate are they and and what sort of proposals are there
09:24:44 for the future.
09:24:46 Well, of course you have GPS, but ups you're looking at about 10. seconds.
09:24:53 The good thing about GPS or this large so I'm in visit 50,000 kilometers.
09:24:58 For those trends in fact it's relatively competitive with squawk on earth is a 6000 kilometers, but mostly the clock networks in the verse over it would be better.
09:25:08 So, there is a proposal. And I know and that's the exploring of ideas of sending medical space.
09:25:18 I, I think my experimental colleagues could probably come in better regarding what what color.
09:25:25 What other clocks are present now but sending 10 to the minus 18 clock to space is going to be for an hour difficult, because just a lot of compactness, but I think thinking, You know,
09:25:41 there is many efforts and miniaturization, so you can put fine clocks and relatively small, small packages so there is much effort and portable clock but portable and put an attractive resident put on a rack to go to space.
09:25:58 I thinking the specific number I know for June and Dave, I know there's Dave number in the audience or the few
09:26:09 chime in a little bit exactly right and there are several efforts around the world to miniaturize and make these optical clocks more robust so there are efforts here in the US and the European Union in China, and for portable clocks, they are targeting
09:26:28 this level of 10 to the minus 18.
09:26:32 And, you know, that'll be useful for a number of different things.
09:26:35 One of those is just comparing clocks between continents, which we don't have a way right now of sending the stable signals across intercontinental distances.
09:26:47 You know space clocks are ambitious.
09:26:53 There are ambitious proposals. People were definitely imagining getting 10 to the minus 18 o clock accuracy. So in space, but that's not next year, kind of thing.
09:27:07 Think of these great a, I don't see at the moment is an open, go ahead.
09:27:16 Thanks for a very interesting talk. So I just have a very naive question. So suppose you send the clock to in space, would you also have to take into account of the gravity gravity gradient noises and things like that.
09:27:37 So, of the height. So yes, and that's actually one of the proposals for you.
09:27:45 Okay. So, with about 10 to the minus 18 precision right now on Earth, you're sensitive to change, about a centimeter level.
09:27:58 So, you can detect the difference in the high level of order centimeters.
09:28:04 Now, and that's actually one of the ideas that that's what clock su space can do is just a general relativity.
09:28:12 So, yes, that actually sort of you can turn it around and see how that would work and that's one of those applications for clocks actually for gravity, though, what's called relativistic draw the sea, and I've talked to Joe the system they eagerly await
09:28:27 those portable clocks, you can put in different points, and that essentially look at the earth changing in real time. So that is one of the possibilities extra to actually look at the genealogies.
09:28:39 Is there any possibility to send a clock say for instance, the atomic clock in Lisa, because that's another way we can perhaps.
09:28:50 I will be more talks by Jason.
09:28:56 Graham actually counted from a tree, and as you can see is also to confirm that there is no kind of pretty much just from the same strong zoom systems across our so I hear you're looking at the hybrid and the that you're looking at different scheme with
09:29:13 a clock, like system so presumably you will need some folks who are synchronization as well. And I'm sure he knows the details, but yes you could in principle actually use clocks directly to look for gravitational wave, and they have been a proposal how
09:29:27 to do so with, with which are precise precise class.
09:29:32 Thanks. Thank you.
09:29:35 Great, so maybe I will ask one question Mariana so when you look at I mean, if you want really to the deck m dark matter for example, because there are other following for the new conversation I mean dipole dipole interactions even contact interactions
09:29:52 on tooling effects. So, what could be the specific trend that you have to say how it would depend on a. Oh, sorry dude, I didn't see it so let me finish and I will jump with you My apologies, and just, or do you want to start talking about the question
09:30:12 before June, and maybe you know please go ahead. Go ahead.
09:30:18 Okay, I will do very short and then I'm sorry I don't know why they didn't see him. So, somebody just very quickly Marianne I want to really claim that is that Mother, what would be, what would you have to compare what are the changes that you have to
09:30:34 do to say is that whether or not something else, or do you have to compare between different isotopes what what would be a requirement.
09:30:42 So first of all phrases in terms of searching for dark matter but let's, let's make a straight, we are looking for some unknown particles here.
09:30:50 So whether that particles 100% Dark Matter partially contributing to dark matter.
09:30:55 That's a different question. Now, there is a certain the fact that you can actually separate for example Lawrence and variance, very desolation, you can separate out, because that will be a say do you actually have a different term dependence of whispers
09:31:12 to rotation and is also thinking around the Sun solar installation you can separate from oscillating effect, you can separate oscillating effects from transients.
09:31:22 So, with.
09:31:24 However, what you will get. Let's say you have a positive signal detection was blocked was too late. In fact, if you, if you'd be able to presume to distinguish between linear and quadratic coupling.
09:31:36 You could end the you'll know you can.
09:31:38 If you have a nuclear clock so you can actually see whether you have competence to the nuclear separate.
09:31:46 How do you distinguish because of the rate of the frequency How do these things right.
09:31:51 Right, so you can actually look for the limits and for example you can see something on the nuclear reactors nuclear clock, but you will not see in your things in the automotive sector, or you're not see interesting collection sector so you'll know which
09:32:05 part of the dark it is, what's the strongest complaint to the standard model or if you actually see as a signal in optical clocks, then it has a couple of the forums.
09:32:16 So your dark matter have to cut out the form so you will know the coupling, and you will know the mass.
09:32:21 So in this case you can actually switch from all over the detection I chose broadband, but there are methods for resonant detection, so you can actually start looking at the different clocks, and you can also start looking into parameter.
09:32:34 But in this case, the question, can you.
09:32:39 I think that knowing the mass and known as a couple, and you can tell how much total you will have for whether it's which person I would serious can correct me but I think you can actually tell which can be 100% argument or not.
09:32:52 So, Because you will have to know how the couple's.
09:32:57 It's an interesting question about whether you can actually determine the home or how much it will contribute to the total because genuinely we assume that is also grass, as humans 100% argument because somewhere in there, you have to put document the
09:33:11 density in your computation to actually get those graphs.
09:33:14 So, in this case, if you do signal signal that would assume 100% density that could be done for the other effects, you could actually see some variation, if you see just some variation with our gravitational potential, then somehow it has to come through
09:33:31 this type, and that will give you some additional information. But mostly, you have you have a number of other instruments besides clock which can look for similar effects.
09:33:41 And then you can of course start looking through different possibilities. But this is really a lot of information, the coupling Copeland, and the bass in total.
09:33:52 I guess total know
09:33:56 what was it can actually be dark mode or not.
09:34:00 Okay. Okay, thank you, thank you, Marianne. Thank you. So a June, please go ahead.
09:34:07 Thank you, Anna Maria is just going to add a comment to what Maria and I was being asked on my answering the a lot of interest of of launching the clock in space.
09:34:17 Dave already mentioned in other activities going on at tend to minus 18 level of people building portable clocks, but no Pope times question actually prompted me to also emphasize another really important point, which is.
09:34:32 And that's actually really the exciting aspect of why clock is so important. The clock is going to be very sensitive to the local space time.
09:34:39 And so you'll feel launch day you actually have this transfer clock transfer synchronization task. It's going to be tremendously important. When the satellites zipping by you'd have to consider both, you know, velocity effect and a gravitational field
09:34:54 effect. And all of these has to be carefully tracked. To be able to actually compare clock, the level of intimacy 18 and beyond.
09:35:02 So that lies, both in terms of technical challenges of building up these networks of clocks and connecting them, and in a way they can compare them at this level, but also you can see there's a tremendous potential for discovering anomalies, discovering,
09:35:18 and are discovering new physics, and so on.
09:35:21 In terms of if we can put a clocks on LISA Pathfinder. Yeah, that would be super exciting, but if you want to turn clock into gravitational wave detection.
09:35:30 We are talking about, you know, 10 to the minus 21 level of clocks which does not exist today, but we are making rapid progress towards it.
09:35:41 You know, very recently we started to get into 10 months 20. So it's maybe the next 10 years so you will have those clocks but in terms of putting them in space will take a while to for technological maturation and so on.
09:35:53 So probably won't be able to have clocks at the level of compromise 1910 was 20 in the next 1020 years to be in space, actually.
09:36:04 Just a comment.
09:36:09 But we have to, that does not mean that we should not pursue it enough just being able to start to put in networks up there, to be able to support Kingdom as a team that's how we get started.
09:36:19 Great.
09:36:20 Perfect. So I think we've have now time for half a discussion, general discussion in. So, please.
09:36:29 Would you mute yourself or raise your hand if you have any questions for for either a Jake or or Mariana.